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D-Wave confirmed as the first real quantum computer by new research

Ever since D-Wave arrived on the scene with a type of quantum computer capable of performing a problem-solving process called annealing, questions have flown thick and fast over whether or not the system really functioned — and, if it did function, whether it was actually performing quantum computing. A new paper by researchers who have spent time with the D-Wave system appears to virtually settle this question — the D-Wave system appears to actually perform quantum annealing. It would therefore be the first real quantum computer

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Up until now, it’s been theorized that D-Wave might be a simulator of a quantum computer based on some less-than-clear benchmark results. This new data seems to disprove that theory. Why? Because it shows evidence of entanglement. Quantum entanglement refers to a state in which two distinct qubits (two units of quantum information) become linked. If you measure the value of one entangled qubit as 0, its partner will also measure 0. Measure a 1 at the first qubit, and the second qubit will also contain a 1, with no evidence of communication between them.

Researchers working with a D-Wave system have now illustrated that D-Wave qubit pairs become entangled, as did an entire set of eight qubits. (The D-Wave uses blocks of eight qubits, as shown below). [DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.4.021041 - "Entanglement in a Quantum Annealing Processor"]

The D-Wave 2 Vesuvius chip, with 512 qubits

Assuming the experimental evidence holds up, this fundamentally shifts the burden of proof from “Prove D-Wave is quantum,” to “Prove the D-Wave isn’t quantum.” Evidence of entanglement is the gold standard for whether or not a system is actually performing quantum computing.

So, now what?

Now that we have confirmation that D-Wave is a quantum computer (or at least, as close to confirmation as we can likely get), the question is, how do we improve it? As we’ve previously covered, the D-Wave isn’t always faster than a well-tuned classical system. Instead of arguing over whether or not an Nvidia Tesla GPU cluster with customized software is a better or worse investment than a supercomputer that’s cryogenically cooled and computes via niobium loops, we’re going to look at what D-Wave needs to do to improve the capabilities of its own system. As Ars Technica points out, its architecture is less than ideal — for some problems, D-Wave can only offer less than 100 effective qubits despite some newer systems having 512 qubits in total, because its architecture is only sparsely connected. Each group of eight qubits connects to itself, but each island of eight qubits has just eight connections to two other adjacent qubits.

The D-Wave Two’s cryogenic cooling system. There’s a qubit chip in there, somewhere.

D-Wave has stated that it intends to continue increasing the number of qubits it offers in a system, but we can’t help wondering if the company would see better performance if it managed to scale up the number of interconnects between the qubit islands. A quantum system with 512 qubits but more than just two connections to other islands might allow for much more efficient problem modeling and better overall performance.

Inevitably this kind of questioning turns to the topic of when we’ll see this kind of technology in common usage — but the answer, for now, is “you won’t.” There are a number of reasons why quantum computing may never revolutionize personal computing, many of them related to the fact that it relies on large amounts of liquid nitrogen. According to D-Wave’s documents for initial deployments, its first systems in 2010 required 140L of LN2 to initially fill and boiled off about 3L of fluid a day. Total tank capacity was 38L, which required twice-weekly fill-ups. The Elan2 LN2 production system is designed to produce liquid nitrogen in an office setting and can apparently create about 5L of LN2 per day at an initial cost of $9500. [Read: Google’s Quantum Computing Playground turns your PC into a quantum computer.]

Did I mention that you have to pay attention to Earth’s magnetic field when installing a D-Wave system, the early systems created about 75dB of noise, and it weighs 11,000 pounds? Many of these issues confronted early computers as well, but the LN2 issue is critical — quantum computing, for now, requires such temperatures — and unless we can figure out a way to bring these systems up to something like ambient air temperature, they’ll never fly for personal use. Rest assured that lots of research is being done on the topic of room-temperature qubits, though!

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How to download and install Windows 8.1 Update 1 for free (right now)

Windows 8.1 Update 1 is now available to download. If you’re already using Windows 8.1, the easiest way to download the update is to visit PC Settings (the new Control Panel, available from the right-hand menu bar) and click “Update and recovery.” There is also the option to download the Windows 8.1 Update 1 as standalone files, if you want to archive them or perform an offline/enterprise installation.

If you haven’t already installed Update 1, you really should do it as soon as possible — Microsoft has said that users won’t get any security updates if they stick with Windows 8.1, and sure enough, this past Patch Tuesday, there were no updates. To continue receiving updates, you need to install Windows 8.1 Update 1.

How do you do that, for free? Just follow these simple instructions.

How to download and install Windows 8.1 Update 1

As we previously mentioned, the quickest way to get Update 1 is to use the PC Settings control panel. If you do that, skip ahead to the section at the end of the story with tips on how to make the most of Update 1. If you want to download the standalone files, though, read on.

As always, we have to preface this with the usual disclaimer: Downloading Windows updates using unconventional methods is risky. At the very least, you should ensure that the SHA hash of the downloaded file matches by using the Microsoft File Checksum Integrity Verifier (a free tool). If you have any important documents on your computer, you should back them up, too (this should be an unnecessary precaution, though; Update 1 is just a bunch of patches, rather than a complete reinstallation).

Use the following links to download the right version of Windows 8.1 Update 1 for your computer’s architecture (probably 64-bit, unless you have an older computer or a tablet).

Official Windows Update download links:

• 64-bit:
  KB2919442 / KB2919355 / KB2932046 / KB2937592 / KB2938439 / KB2934018
• 32-bit:
  KB2919442 / KB2919355 / KB2932046 / KB2937592 / KB2938439 / KB2934018
• ARM:
  KB2919442 / KB2919355 / KB2932046 / KB2937592 / KB2938439 / KB2934018

Alternatively, if you don’t like direct downloads, you can always hit up the Windows Update website and follow the instructions there.

Once you’ve downloaded Update 1, you will have six separate patches that need to be installed in a very specific order. Your computer will need to reboot a few times during the process.

1. KB2919442
2. KB2919355
3. KB2932046
4. KB2937592
5. KB2938439
6. KB2934018

Windows 8.1 Update 1 Desktop. Note how Metro apps can now be minimized to the taskbar. There’s no sign of ‘Update 1′ in the system info window, interestingly.

Life after installing Windows 8.1 Update 1

And that should be it! If you’re a mouse-and-keyboard user, you will find that Windows 8.1 Update 1 makes the Metro interface a lot more palatable. Whether this will move you to actually use the new Start screen, I’m not so sure. Unless there’s a Metro-style app that youreally want to use, you will probably still find yourself on the Desktop, using a third-party app to bring back the Windows 7-style Start menu. Still, on the rare occasion that you find yourself thrust into the new Metro interface, Update 1 makes the whole experience feel a little less you’re being brutally plucked out of one operating system and unceremoniously dumped in another. So that’s good.

On the Desktop side of things, Update 1 doesn’t do a whole lot. I’m sure there will be some small, useful tweaks, but the main changes appear to be better support for high-PPI displays, and audio/video files will now be opened in Photo Viewer and Media Player respectively, rather than bouncing you into Metro. For the 23 people using Windows 8.1 on a tablet, Update 1 adds a Search button to the Start screen, and some of the stock Metro apps have been updated/improved. Thrilling stuff. Microsoft’s hunt for Windows 8 market share continues.

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It looks as though Google wants to accelerate its plans to hook up the entire world to the Internet by deploying a fleet of satellites. It already is working on a plan to deliver the Web via high-altitude balloons, but a satellite system would be more reliable and durable. Facebook is using drones in a similar effort, and Google recently bought a drone company it had shown interest in acquiring.

Google's eye on the sky seems wider than ever. The company reportedly is planning to spend at least US$1 billion on a project to bring Internet access to remote areas through satellites.

It is not yet clear whether the plan would augment or replace Project Loon -- Google's proposal to connect remote regions to the Internet through high-altitude balloons. However, the report suggests that Google hopes the plan will help it to overcome technical and financial hurdles that hampered similar projects in the past.

Lower Orbit

While the details of the scheme are shifting, the project will begin with around 180 small, high-capacity satellites that will have a lower orbit than traditional satellites and may expand from there, according to The Wall Street Journal.
"The potential of the reported Google project would be to help ensure that the next generation of unserved Internet users comes online, said Charles King, principal at Pund-IT.
"The fact is that often due to political folly and economic challenges, potential online access suffers. So it's both interesting and admirable that private concerns like Google, Facebook and others are investigating alternatives for creating the infrastructure necessary to support wireless Internet access," he told TechNewsWorld.

Hiring Spree

Google apparently has been hiring engineers from Space Systems/Loral to work on the initiative, which is being led by Greg Wyler, founder of satellite communications company O3b Networks. Wyler and O3b's former chief technology officer recently joined Google. Between 10 and 20 people are said to be working under Wyler.
The company is spending between $1 billion and north of $3 billion -- a price tag that will be affected by the final design of the network, further phases that could expand the number of satellites to double the initial number, and other factors.
Project Loon had the potential to build a network of balloons to cover the entire planet, Google CEO Larry Page said at a conference earlier this year, noting that balloons were cheaper and faster to build.
However, satellites can afford greater capacity and flexibility, while costs to build them appear to have dropped in recent years.
"I think the satellites will initially complement Project Loon," Laura DiDio, principal at ITIC, told TechNewsWorld. At first glance, satellites appear to be more robust than high-altitude balloons circumnavigating the globe, which could be knocked off course or downed by severe weather conditions. Satellites can also be impacted by an incident that might occur in space, but seem more substantial than a high-altitude balloon."

'Cheaper to Build'

"Balloons can more easily be shot down, typically have less range, and are more vulnerable to atmospheric conditions, but they are far cheaper to build and launch," said Rob Enderle, principal at the Enderle Group. "A typical developing country doesn't have the technology to shoot down satellites. They can execute Loon more quickly, but the satellite approach would potentially be far more strategic."
As part of the project, Google apparently plans to take advantage of developments in antenna technology, which can track multiple moving satellites. Some current antennas have no moving parts and can be controlled by software, which lowers maintenance and manufacturing costs.
"They want to increase their reach and do have a belief that every person in the world should have access to the Internet," Enderle told TechNewsWorld. "While they clearly have a revenue goal as well, I think in this instance, it is secondary -- given the audience -- to their goal of making people better informed."

Infrastructure Plan

Along with the somewhat noble notion of connecting people in remote regions to the Internet, Google's latest Internet scheme could be seen as part of tech companies' tussle to take over Internet infrastructure, largely bypassing the networks of telecoms.
Google has laid more than 100,000 miles of fiber-optic cables around the world, a report earlier this year indicated.
"Truthfully, Google's motives are a mix of altruism and pragmatism. They can bring Internet connectivity to remote peoples and portions of the globe and make a profit doing it. Sounds like a win-win to me," ITIC's DiDio said. [*Correction - May 1, 2014]
Facebook and several other technology firms have teamed up to use drones to bring Internet access to people in remote areas through Internet.org.
After reports surfaced of Facebook's interest in buying drone maker Titan Aerospace, Googleswooped in to make the acquisition.
"I think their respective plans might be cooperative in the early planning stages and then diverge if and when the project actually takes off," DiDio speculated. "At that point, Google will have to refine its goals to suit the individual usage models. But initially at least, I can see many people in remote locations wanting to use the same technology to connect to Facebook and Internet.org."

Connecting Those at Home

The implications of such ambitious projects stretch far beyond the developing world.
"There is tremendous potential If Google goes forward with its project to give unwired portions of the planet Internet access using small satellites," DiDio said.
"The impact and implications are enormous for both developed as well as developing nations. Location is a huge obstacle and impediment to Internet access," she pointed out.
"While it's unthinkable to city dwellers and suburbanites, there are still many rural or geographically remote areas in the U.S. with no connectivity," DiDio added. "According to the FCC's Eighth Broadband Progress Report released in August 2012, 75 percent or 14.5 million of the 19 million Americans that currently lack Internet access live in rural or remote areas where connectivity and broadband are unavailable.

"The biggest group of disenfranchised here in the U.S. are 5.1 million Native American Indians and Alaska Natives," DiDio continued. "The majority of Native Americans live on 324 tribal reservation lands -- many of which are rural and remote -- in the lower 48 states and Alaska, according to the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. They are miles from any town or power grid, and many reservations lack electrical power -- which means no Internet connectivity. Imagine the difference this could make in their lives."

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Samsung Debuts Thin New Tablets With Killer Screens

Samsung's claim that the Galaxy Tab S line has the most advanced display technology is true, said IHS iSuppli's Sweta Dash. Its 8.4-inch tablet offers 359 ppi, compared to the Kindle Fire HDX's 339 ppi. The 10.5-inch Galaxy Tab S offers 288 ppi compared to the iPad Air's 264 ppi. OLED tech enables thinner devices than LCD and a better contrast ratio. However, it costs more to produce, too.

How does a lithium-ion battery work, 

and why are they so popular?

New research from MIT has been making the rounds this week, and while its core insight might seem weak, that very fact highlights just how quickly technology really does move these days. While lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are all over the world, the truth is we still don’t really know how they work. In particular, as scientists try out more and better new materials for electrodes, each one brings slight variations in function and performance. One of the most promising electrode materials is lithium-iron phosphate, and now researchers have a much better understanding of exactly how it charges and discharges — which should hopefully guide the way to improving those processes.

How does a lithium-ion battery work?

First, we need to look at how a lithium-ion battery works in general. Like any other battery, its basic design sees an electrolyte (the “transport medium”) ferrying lithium ions back and forth between the negative electrode and the positive electrode. In a totally discharged batteries, our mobile lithium ions will be entirely connected to the positive electrode – their chemical properties keep them bound to the positive electrode material while they lack electrons. If we give them electrons by pumping electricity into the system (recharging), they will naturally dissociate from the positive electrode and migrate back to the negative electrode. Once they’re all lined up on the other side, loaded with nice high-energy electrons, we call the battery “charged.”

This stable state breaks down when we provide an avenue for the electrons now trapped at the negative electrode to travel down their charge gradient to the positive side of the battery — this takes away electrons from lithium in the negative electrode and makes them again Li+, causing them to naturally migrate all the way back. We can use that negative-to-positive electron flow to power everything from pacemakers to electric cars, and it all ultimately comes down to the back-and-forth movements of ions. Incidentally, it’s only recently that scientists have discovered exactly why too many back-and-forth reactions cause a battery to slowly die.

Why lithium-ion batteries are popular

The main reason you’ve heard the term “lithium-ion battery” before is energy density; a LIB setup can pack a lot of power into a very small space. More than that, “Li-on” batteries offer decent charge times and a high number of discharge cycles before they die. If you use a pure lithium metal at the electrodes, you’ll get much higher energy storage, but no ability to recharge — depending on your choices for electrodes, you can powerfully affect your battery’s performance. Among other things, energy density is related to the number of lithium ions (and thus electrons) the electrodes can hold per unit of surface area.

This diagram shows how the Solid Solution Zone lines up next to charged and discharged areas of the electrode.

This MIT study [doi: 10.1021/nl501415b - "In Situ Observation of Random Solid Solution Zone in LiFePO4 Electrode] specifically looked at a cathode material lithium-iron phosphate. These lithium-iron phosphate batteries show promise for everything from electric cars (likely) to storage of grid power (less likely), but when it was originally introduced, LiFePO₄ showed little promise for battery tech. In its pure form, lithium-iron phosphate shows poor electrical abilities — but crush it up into nanoparticles and coat it with carbon and it seems the story changes quite a bit. The incredible jump in ability when turned into nanoparticles is described as a major surprise for battery researchers, and a major win for nanoscience.

The main reason for excitement over the new nano-cathode, beyond its impressive-but-not-amazing storage and discharge abilities, is that it discharges at a totally uniform voltage. This means batteries needn’t incorporate devices to regulate that voltage, which could make them cheaper and smaller, and it also allows them to discharge at full voltage until totally empty. It does this, we now know, by creating a zone called a Solid Solution Zone (SSZ), a buffer area of low lithium density that seems to soften the harsh boundary between charged (LiFePO₄) and discharged (FePO₄) portions of the electrode during use. This seems to be behind the material’s amazing abilities, and pumping up this SSZ through design could extend make lithium-ion tech last even longer.

Technology does seem to be coming for this aging battery standard, however, and it will need some major upgrades to stay with the times. It’s getting them, with huge design upgrades that hold a lot of promise. Still, everything from improved capacitors to super-batteries based on cotton could supplant lithium as the king of energy storage — we may find that improvements in our understanding of conventional batteries are simply too little too late.

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